OLD AGE AND RENUNCIATION

Classical Hinduism divides human life into four ideal stages. Both Sikhs and Jains observe similar approaches. The first two stages are integrally involved with society: the child and student who is still learning the fundaments of existence; and the householder who marries, works and raises a family. The second two are concerned with removal from society: the elderly person whose responsibilities towards employment and family are finished and who may spend the remaining years in pursuit of spiritual goals; and the renunciate who chooses to reject all material possessions and familial bonds to live as an ascetic and mendicant.

Many Indians remain actively employed until they are very aged. In the extended family household, the elderly are often indispensable. Close relationships between generations are still one of the foundations of society. The young, whose parents may be occupied with jobs away from the home, rely upon their aged relatives to care for them and teach them. The knowledge of traditions and spirituality, still so essential in contemporary India, is largely maintained through this generational link.

Growing old is perceived as a blessing in India. It is a time of lessened responsibilities and of extended devotion. The majority of the latter part of their lives may be spent in the reading of spiritual literature, in sacred discourse with both peers and juniors, and in meditation and prayer. These last years are a period for cleansing negative karma and preparing for death and eventual rebirth.

Also within the fabric of Hindu and Jain societies is the means for total escape from the boundaries of normal existence. Individuals that are so inclined are encouraged to step outside all convention, to live as hermits and ascetics and spend their years totally immersed in spiritual pursuits. The respected renunciation of community and property has been an integral part of Indian culture for thousands of years. The act of complete renunciation is very difficult. It means the total denial of all attachments: family, home, childhood friends, occupation and possessions. More than five million of these ascetics live in India.